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building, department In contrast to WANs, LANs have more structured topologies (a) (b) (c) (a) Ring, (b) Bus, (c) Star A falvor of network protocols For a network to function properly and provide useful communication, it is important to establish rules by which network activity is conducted Such rules are known as protocol One possible problem is the coordination of message transmission e.g.
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ARPATNET, TYMNET personal computer subnet terminal CPU CPU Instead of having a computer as center of network, subnet becomes central set of nodes (these are computers in their own right) various pairs of nodes are connected by linksĤ Topology The placement of links in a subnet is often called Topology The previous topology is somewhat arbitrary, which is typical of Wide Area Networks Wide Area Network: WAN, covering more than a metropolitan area Local Area Network: LAN, covering few square kilometers at most e.g. Morse code, short and long marks V: s s: Central computers, time-sharing terminal printer central processor Early networks First large scale computer networks connecting geographically distributed systems e.g.
DATA COMMUNICATION AND COMPUTER NETWORKS PDF IN HINDI SOFTWARE
1 Data Communication Networks Lecture 1 Saad Mneimneh Computer Science Hunter College of CUNY New York Primitive forms of networks Early networks Topology A falvor of network protocols Token Ring (IBM 1970) CSMA/CD (Ethernet) WANs and LANs Network in modern terminology Messages Sessions Sessions (cont.) Switching techniques Circuit switching Circuit switching (cont.) Circuit switching (cont.) Store-and-forward(packet switching) Store-and-forward (cont.) Datagram Virtual circuit Virtual circuit (cont.) Switching summary A network is like an onion(iso OSI and IETF standard) Top layers Transport layer Network layer Header and Trailer DLC Physical layer The hourglass shape(an alternative view) Network software Create a socket Server ClientĢ Example server Example server (cont.) Example client Example client (cont.)ģ Primitive forms of networks Early societies: smoke signals 1800s: Telegraphy, messages manually encoded into strings of symbols and manually transmitted, and relayed if needed e.g.